world-systems theory is a social science theory developed by immanuel wallerstein in the 1970s.
it explains global inequality by viewing the world as a single interconnected economic system, where countries are divided into three types:
- core countries: wealthy, powerful, industrialized nations.
- semi-periphery countries: in-between nations, developing economies that have some industry but still depend on core countries.
- periphery countries: poorer, less developed countries that mainly export raw materials and labor to core countries.
the system is based on exploitation:
core countries exploit both the semi-periphery and the periphery for cheap labor and raw materials, keeping them dependent and underdeveloped.
1- core country example:
united states, germany, japan
explanation: high technology, advanced industries, strong political power. they manufacture goods from raw materials imported from poorer countries and export finished products globally.
2- semi-periphery country example:
mexico, brazil, south africa
explanation: countries that have growing industries and some political power, but still depend on core countries for capital and technology.
3- periphery country example:
bangladesh, ethiopia, democratic republic of congo
explanation: these countries primarily export raw materials (like cotton, coffee, or minerals) and cheap labor to richer countries.
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