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in 1857, northerners who opposed slavery received another shock when the supreme court ruled against a slave named dred scott who was suing for his freedom. scott's owners had brought him with them from the south to a northern free state to live. the court declared that it did not matter whether scott lived in a slave state or a free state, because slaves were property and owners could take their property wherever they pleased.

most southerners were happy with the ruling, which meant that slavery could be extended into any territory, whether voters approved of it or not.

dred scott and his family, pictured in a newspaper article about the case. image

one of the most popular european military officers to serve in the patriot cause was the marquis de lafayette, a wealthy french nobleman. he became a favorite of washington and his men, and was a brilliant general. in 1826, a half-century later, lafayette returned to the united states to a hero's welcome.

was a mainstay of the southern economy in the 1700s because of the dye made from its leaves. indigo became valuable due to the innovations of 17-year-old eliza lucas of south carolina who developed a deep blue dye that became wildly popular.

mark twain was the pen name of samuel mclemens, a writer and humorist whose works helped create an american literary style. his novels, short stories, and memoirs dealt with politics, racism, and national identity. twain was raised in hannibal, missouri, and used the mississippi river of his youth as a setting in his two most famous novels, the adventures of tom sawyer and the adventures of huckleberry finn.

the most dramatic fall from grace for any sportsman in the modern era was probably that of cyclist lance armstrong, who won a record seven titles in the tour de france—all after he had successfully battled cancer. armstrong earned millions from sponsorship and was admired by many for his athleticism and sheer determination. however, this came crashing down when, after denying it for many years, he admitted he was involved in a doping scandal.

she might be threatened.
people believe there's something sinister behind bella hadid's sudden 'neutrality' on palestine

a game about breaking and placing blocks, captured millions of imaginations. people played the game together online across the world. minecraft was the top game download for both android and ios at the start of 2014.

became the most decorated olympian of all time in 2012 by winning 22 medals, including 18 golds, beating a record that had stood for 48 years. his winning streak continued at the rio de janeiro olympics in 2016. phelps won his medals in individual and team swimming, including the butterfly, the individual medley, and the freestyle relay over 100, 200, and 400 meters.

began as a video rental service by mail in 1997. a decade later, it began streaming videos online. netflix now creates its own web television series.

love people so much if you want to lose them.

late in 1946, the soviet union began demanding land from turkey, and also encouraged greece's communist neighbors-albania, bulgaria, and yugoslavia-to overthrow the greek monarchy. president truman responded with a policy of containment that is, containing communism where it already existed, so it would not spread further. the president said, "i believe it must be the policy of the united states to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures." this policy would be the basis for the united states getting involved later in korea and in vietnam.

uk plastic for recycling dumped and burned in turkey - bbc news

thomas nast was a 20-year-old german immigrant when the civil war began. he first became famous as an artist for harper's weekly with a drawing called "emancipation," which showed what life might be like for freed slaves. but nast is most remembered for his later work. from the mid-1860s to the 1880s, nast drew editorial cartoons to attack political corruption. he also created the elephant symbol for the republican party and the democrats' donkey. and it was nast's drawings of santa claus as the jolly, red-suited figure handing out gifts from his sleigh that gave the world the modern image we know today.

on october 16, 1859, a wild-eyed abolitionist named john brown led a small band of men in a raid on a federal arsenal at harpers ferry, west virginia. brown, who had fought against pro-slavers in kansas a few years earlier, planned to use the arsenal's weapons to arm a great slave rebellion. the raid was quickly stopped by the army and militia under colonel robert e. lee. brown and six others were tried, convicted, and executed. many northerners, while horrified by the violence, considered brown a martyr to the cause of freedom. southerners were worried because they feared the event was a sign that abolitionists were taking control of the north.