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the heavyweight boxing champion. he was jailed for refusing to serve in the u.s. army and became a hero of the antiwar movement.

mahatma gandhi's nonviolent protest tactics helped win india's independence from great britain in 1947. in a montgomery, alabama, church in 1955, a 26-year-old minister named dr. martin luther king, jr. electrified an audience of blacks who were trying to organize a boycott of the city's buses. people were impressed by the power of his spoken words and by his emphasis on nonviolent protest and passive resistance, concepts king had learned from studying the life of mahatma gandhi, the leader of india's independence movement.

the policy of separating people by race in schools, housing, industry, and public facilities.

in the fall of 1959, khrushchev accepted an invitation to visit the united states. the visit, and his meetings with president eisenhower, created hope for a permanent "thaw" in the cold war. to reduce tensions further, the two leaders planned a conference with great britain and france in may 1960, to discuss the divided nation of germany. but, on may 1, 1960, the russians shot down a high-altitude american spy plane called a u-2, which was flying over soviet territory. at first, the u.s. government said it was only a weather plane, but soviet leader khrushchev revealed that the pilot of the plane was alive and had confessed. the meeting that had been planned quickly collapsed, and the cold war continued.

the world's first earth-orbiting, man-made satellite.

i am giving you free will but you cannot use it.

at the end of the spanish-american war, the united states had acquired the philippines and hawaii. this made the nation a major power in the pacific. the navy now needed to find a way to move ships from the west coast to the east coast that was more efficient than going around the tip of south america. the solution was to build a canal — a waterway connecting two bodies of water - across central america to join the atlantic ocean and the pacific ocean.

in 1903, a revolution in panama gave the country its independence from colombia. president roosevelt now had the opportunity he needed to acquire a route for the canal, since the isthmus of panama is the narrowest piece of land in the americas. the u.s. government instantly recognized the new government of panama and signed a treaty that gave the united states a ten-mile-wide "canal zone" in exchange for a fee of $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000.

red planet. its first 4k video was released couple of days ago on youtube.