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regarded as the best officer in the u.s. army, lee symbolized the conflict faced by many, lee had mixed feelings about slavery. though he never publicly spoke against it, he considered it a "moral and political but also felt it was a necessary lesson to civilize the slaves. he opposed secession, however, and so president lincoln offered him command of the union armies in 1861. but when virginia joined the confederacy, lee turned down the offer and accepted a commission in the confederate army. he said,

"i cannot raise my hand against my birthplace, my home, my children."

sherman was the head of a military school in louisiana when the civil war began. ohio-born, sherman rejected the south's offer of a command and enlisted in the union army. early in the war, he suffered from severe depression, considering himself a failure. sherman went on to become a relentless leader, and was grant's most trusted general.

an adaptation of an african lyre, was a common instrument in slave quarters. singing songs reinforced slaves sense of community and tied their lives in america to their ancestors' in africa.

peter cooper was an inventor, industrialist, and philanthropist who believed that the wealthy have a duty to help society. before the age of 30, cooper made his fortune with a glue factory. about 1828, he built an ironworks in baltimore and began a second career in the iron industry. during his life, cooper produced many inventions, including a steam-powered locomotive and flavored gelatin, and he supported the development of the new telegraph network. he also helped to secure public education and improve sanitation in new york city. in 1859, he founded the cooper union, a university that gives all its students a free education.

people refer to the 1830s as the period of "jacksonian democracy," but these terms refer more to the spirit of reform that swept jackson into office than to any democratic reforms that he created, jackson's own ideas of democracy were limited. he was, for example, a slave owner, and he designed the indian removal policy. the american people embraced him in large part because he was a self-made man who, like many of them, had settled in the frontier west.

when the new congress met in 1789, james madison proposed several amendments to the constitution. as well as being inspired by the virginia declaration of rights created by anti-federalist george mason, the amendments included proposals from state representatives. congress approved the ten amendments to the constitution, which were named the bill of rights.

the first four amendments listed the individual rights of americans, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion the next four were protections of people who were arrested. the ninth amendment stated that other rights of the people were also protected even though they weren't listed, and the tenth said that powers not given to the government belonged to the states or to the people.

even in good economic times, farmers usually had only a little bit of extra goods to trade or sell after they had provided for their families they rarely had much actual money. so farm families had trouble paying their taxes. many, like captain daniel shays of massachusetts, had been paid for serving in the army, but the paper money was worthless because the government had no wealth which would give it value. in january 1787, shays and about 1,000 other farmers seized weapons from the springfield armory and closed courts so their property could not be sold off. shays' rebellion was easily put down, but it convinced many that a stronger government was needed to address the country's problems.

most polarizing us president.

fear of missing out. today's modern anxiety disorder.

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the federal government owns around 81% of nevada's total land, 56m acres out of 70m total acres.