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in june 1947, general george c. marshall, truman's secretary of state, proposed a huge war-recovery program of money, food, clothing, and machinery to help europe overcome "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos." marshall invited all of europe to participate, but the soviet-bloc countries refused, calling it an american scheme to take over europe.

with 16 nations participating, the marshall plan was a great success. between 1948 and 1952, u.s. aid amounting to $13 billion helped to rebuild cities, factories, roads, and railroads throughout europe.

hitler's right-hand man. he was sentenced to death on trial at nuremberg. but he committed suicide on the night before his execution by swallowing a capsule of cyanide.

(see: #747)

anthropologist.

a student once asked anthropologist margaret mead, “what is the earliest sign of civilization?” the student expected her to say a clay pot, a grinding stone, or maybe a weapon.

margaret mead thought for a moment, then she said, “a healed femur.”

a femur is the longest bone in the body, linking hip to knee. in societies without the benefits of modern medicine, it takes about six weeks of rest for a fractured femur to heal. a healed femur shows that someone cared for the injured person, did their hunting and gathering, stayed with them, and offered physical protection and human companionship until the injury could mend.

mead explained that where the law of the jungle—the survival of the fittest—rules, no healed femurs are found. the first sign of civilization is compassion, seen in a healed femur.”

in oregon, reformer william s. u'ren established the referendum, in which the people voted to decide some issues directly. in new york, governor charles evans hughes pushed through the first workmen's compensation act, providing benefits for injured workers.

the secret ballot was one of many reforms first proposed by the populists. in the past, each party had a brightly colored ballot; after marking it, the voter dropped it into a ballot box in full view of everyone in the room. the secret ballots looked the same and were marked in private, so people did not have to reveal how they had voted.

even before the revolution daniel boone and other pioneers blazed trails and led pioneers into the western wilderness. in 1775, boone joined several indian trails together to create the wilderness road. thousands of pioneers used this road to cross the cumberland gap into what is now kentucky. boone eventually moved west to missouri, where he continued to hunt and explore the wilds well into his eighties.

alvin york was one of the most famous american war heroes of world war 1. born in 1887 in tennessee, he was drafted into the army in 1918. he soon proved himself noteworthy among the 17 soldiers sent to infiltrate german lines and capture a machine gun position. after many on his team died in the confrontation, he singlehandedly captured the gun, killing several german soldiers. the german officer in charge of the gun surrendered, and york marched more than 130 german soldiers back to his camp as prisoners of war. he was lauded as a national hero and earned the medal of honor. after the war, some businessmen purchased a farm for york and his family in tennessee, where he lived until his death in 1964. his story was made into a film sergeant york in 1941.

the oldest us city, was founded in 1565.

is a refusal to buy from or deal with another person, company, or nation.

samuel adams was often called the firebrand of the american revolution." a few months after the boston massacre, adams called for "committees of correspondence" in every colony. by 1774, these committees were exchanging news and ideas, which helped build a sense of national unity.

about 60,000 loyalists fought on the side of the british during the war, and a total of 100,000 left the country as a result. in virginia and new england, loyalists made up less than 10 percent of the population. but an estimated 40 percent of new yorkers were loyalists, and they may have been a majority in georgia and north carolina.

a historic site where the first successful english colony was founded in america. it was named after the king, james i.

the best poor man's country in the world.

defined (by american psychiatric association) as the obsessive compulsive desire to take photos of one's self and post them on social media as a way to make up for the lack of self-esteem and to fill a gap in intimacy.

classification:
(see: borderline selfitis)
(see: acute selfitis)
(see: chronic selfitis)

signs:
selfish – narcissists act selfishly and, even if being generous, are generally only responsive to their own concerns.
no rules – narcissists feel that they are above others and that the rules don't apply to them.
inability to take criticism - narcissists have an inflated idea of their own importance, they can be quickly deflated by negative criticism.
discomfort – it happens due to lot of addiction for selfie.
unilateral listening – instead of listening in order to respond, narcissists listen in order to dismiss, negate, ignore, minimize or otherwise make someone else's concerns irrelevant.
refusal to take responsibility – narcissists have a tendency to blame others for things that go wrong.
angriness – narcissists may become easily angered by critical comments or being ordered what to do.

consequences:
excessive use of social networking may be connected to psychiatric problems
like depression,
obsessive compulsive disorder,
addiction,
body dysmorphia,
narcissistic personality disorder,
schizoaffective and schizotypal disorders,
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder etc.
there is a human desire to be recognized and appreciated,
we shouldn't make those people closest to us ask for it.

prevention:
1- strict law required to prevent deaths related to selfie and law incudes strictly prohibit the selfie points/place.
2- parents also have to teach their children's not stick for selfies.
3- social medias must start campaign against excess selfie.
4- put the sign boards in certain place/areas that not to have selfie.
5- required to conduct frequent awareness programmes in school/colleges/workplace.

selfie is a self-portrait photograph, typically taken with a digital camera or camera phone held in the hand or supported by a selfie stick. a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media.