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during the period between the election and inauguration of a new official, the current office holder becomes known as a lame duck. the origin of the expression is unknown.

a person who takes extreme pride in his or her own country, to the exclusion of others.

in january 1917, the german government sent a coded telegram to mexico's government proposing a military alliance between the two countries. germany suggested that mexico should support them if the united states entered world war 1. in return, they promised to return texas, arizona, and new mexico to mexico if germany won the war. this secret telegram was intercepted by british intelligence, who broke the code, and americans were enraged by germany's plans. in march that year, german foreign secretary arthur zimmermann finally confirmed the telegram was real, which encouraged support in america for entering the war.

in the late 1800s, each of the great powers of europe – great britain, germany, france, and russia — was eager to increase business opportunities in china, the world's most populous nation and a potentially huge market for trade in order to avoid conflict, the european leaders agreed to carve the country into "spheres of influence”-specific geographic regions, or spheres, of china in which each nation controlled trade.

secretary of state john hay, concerned that u.s. merchants might be shut out, sent a series of "open door notes" to the european powers in 1899 and 1900, asking them to respect china's territory and independence. the leaders agreed to america's open door policy to avoid a confrontation. china opposed the policy because the foreign influence was considered excessive. it led to the boxer rebellion of 1900, which the u.s. later helped suppress.

emanuel leutze's painting depicting general george washington leading troops across the frozen delaware river to attack the british at trenton is an idealized view of a great moment in american history. washington is shown standing, which would have been dangerous, since it would have unbalanced the boat. plus, the painting shows the wrong kind of boat and a flag that had not yet been created.

journalist ida b. wells-barnett launched a campaign against lynching after a white mob lynched three african americans in 1892 in memphis. she paid a price for her vocal opposition. the newspaper offices where she worked were wrecked and her life was threatened by racists. she moved to new york and then chicago, and continued writing and lecturing about lynching until her death in 1931. with the help of the naacp, the demand for antilynching laws became part of the progressive agenda. although more than 3,000 lynchings had been recorded by the 1920s, southern opposition blocked every anti-lynching bill in congress.

many middle and upper-class families knew little about immigrants problems. jacob riis a danish immigrant-and a photographer and journalist-exposed the suffering experienced by many immigrants. riis's work, how the other half lives, published in 1890, helped people realize that government action was necessary to improve conditions in city slums. image

virtually unknown when the war began, grant rose to become the union's best general and supreme commander of the union armies. in a crisis, he was the man the soldiers wanted to lead them. lee, his confederate counterpart, seemed like the clever, elusive fox, while grant appeared to be the slow, plodding bloodhound.

born in a log cabin in kentucky in 1809, raised in poverty, and almost entirely self-educated, abraham lincoln became a successful lawyer in springfield, illinois, where he married mary todd. lincoln came to the presidency with little experience-a few years in the illinois legislature and one term in congress. but he had a remarkable gift for helping people see the war as a test of popular government, "of the people, by the people, and for the people" (gettysburg address).

after his assassination in 1865, lincoln came to be seen as a leader of nearly mythic proportions-a towering, legendary figure who had saved democracy and freed the slaves.

(see: emancipation proclamation)

he was born a slave on a virginia plantation. he i was a devout christian, and he preached his visions of freedom to other slaves. in 1831, turner led a group of slaves in a rebellion against local white landowners. fifty-five whites were killed, including turner's master, joseph travis, and travis's family. a militia caught the gang and hanged about 15 slaves. both pro- and anti-slavery forces saw turner's rebellion as a reason to fight for their causes. this and other uprisings led state leaders to toughen their slave codes, laws that prohibited educating slaves and restricted their movement from place to place.

on june 1, 1812, president james madison asked congress to declare war against britain. with a navy of only 16 ships and a 7,000-man army, the united states was in no position to fight. "war hawks" were eager to conquer canada, however, and organized an invasion. the mission failed.

when, in 1814, napoleon was defeated in europe, battle-hardened british troops became available to send to america. one regiment sailed up the chesapeake river in august, defeated the militia, and marched into washington. as first lady dolley madison fled with a portrait of george washington, the british torched the white house, the capitol, and other buildings, then moved on to fort mchenry.

benedict arnold was an outstanding general. at saratoga, bhe showed enormous courage leading the charge that broke through burgoyne's lines. but he was a vain and sensitive man, who felt that he had been badly treated by congress and the army. in april 1779, arnold persuaded washington to put him in charge of west point, the fort on the lower hudson. once there, he arranged to sell the fort to the british. the plot was discovered; arnold escaped and was made a general by the british, but they never trusted him, even after he moved his family to england.

papers intended for benedict arnold detailing the sale of west point to the british are found in a fellow traitor's boot. image

brought to boston as an eight-year-old slavery in 1761, phillis was bought by the wheatley family to serve in their house. the wheatleys saw how bright she was, and gave her an education. phillis became a writer; when she was 20, book of her poetry made her famous. the wheatleys gave her both her freedom and their name, and her achievement as the first slave to publish a book inspired free blacks for many years.

the first thanksgiving was a feast shared by the pilgrims in new england and the wampanoag indians native to the area. they enjoyed the harvest that the indians had taught the pilgrims to grow.