the fisherman of halicarnassus

begging the question is a logical fallacy that occurs when an argument relies on a premise that has already been assumed to be true, without providing any evidence to support it. this creates a circular argument, where the conclusion is simply restated as the premise, and the argument fails to provide any real support for its conclusion.

here is an example of an argument that begs the question:

premise: the earth is flat.
conclusion: the earth is flat.

in this argument, the premise and the conclusion are the same, and there is no evidence provided to support the premise. this creates a circular argument that does not provide any real support for the conclusion.

another example of begging the question might be:

premise: god exists because the bible says so.
conclusion: god exists.

in this argument, the premise relies on the assumption that the bible is a reliable source of information, but this assumption is not proven or supported. as a result, the argument relies on a premise that has already been assumed to be true, without providing any evidence to support it.

in order to avoid begging the question, it is important to ensure that the argument is based on evidence and logical reasoning, rather than relying on assumptions or unproven premises. this can help to ensure that the argument is sound and persuasive, rather than relying on circular reasoning or unsupported assumptions.

a cash crop is a type of agricultural crop that is grown specifically for sale in the market, rather than for personal use or subsistence. cash crops are typically grown on a large scale and are an important source of income for many farmers around the world. the cultivation of cash crops has a long history, dating back to ancient civilizations.

some examples of cash crops that have been grown for centuries include:

wheat: wheat has been grown for thousands of years and is one of the oldest and most important cereal crops in the world. it is grown in many parts of the world, including europe, asia, and the americas.

cotton: cotton is a cash crop that has been cultivated for thousands of years in the middle east, india, and china. it is an important source of fiber for clothing and textiles.

sugar: sugar cane is a tropical cash crop that has been grown in the caribbean, south america, and southeast asia for centuries. it is an important source of sugar, which is used in a variety of food and beverage products.

tobacco: tobacco is a cash crop that has been grown in the americas for centuries. it is used in the production of cigarettes and other tobacco products.

coffee: coffee is a cash crop that has been grown in tropical regions of the world for hundreds of years. it is an important source of income for many farmers and is used to produce a popular beverage.

tea: tea is another cash crop that has a long history of cultivation. it is grown in many parts of the world, including asia, africa, and south america, and is used to produce a popular beverage.

overall, the cultivation of cash crops has played a significant role in the economic development of many regions around the world.

sobiyet is a traditional turkish dessert made of phyllo dough filled with cream or a mixture of crushed nuts and sweetened with syrup or honey. it is similar to baklava, another traditional turkish pastry made with layers of phyllo dough and a filling of nuts, but sobiyet is typically made with a circular shape and a filling of cream rather than nuts.

the word "sobiyet" is believed to be derived from the persian word "şöb," which means "cream." this refers to the creamy filling that is used in sobiyet. the dessert is believed to have originated in the ottoman empire and has a long history in turkish cuisine.

to make sobiyet, thin layers of phyllo dough are layered in a circular pan and then filled with a creamy filling made of milk, sugar, and cornstarch or flour. the layers of dough and filling are then baked until the phyllo is crisp and golden brown. once baked, the sobiyet is drizzled with a syrup made with sugar, water, and sometimes lemon juice or rosewater.

sobiyet is a popular dessert in turkey and is often served at celebrations and special occasions. it is also a popular street food and can be found at bakeries and cafes throughout the country. it is typically served in small slices and is often garnished with a sprinkle of powdered sugar or a dusting of ground nuts.

human zoos, also known as "ethnographic expositions" or "human exhibitions," were a form of entertainment that featured live displays of human beings, often from non-western cultures, as a way of showcasing their perceived differences from western society. these exhibitions were popular in europe and the united states in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and were often presented as a way of educating the public about different cultures and societies.

the history of human zoos can be traced back to the 18th century, when european explorers and colonizers brought back specimens of exotic animals and plants from their travels to be displayed in zoos and museums. in the 19th century, these exhibitions began to include human beings as well, often in a way that was degrading and demeaning.

one of the first recorded human zoos was the "negro village" exhibition at the 1878 world's fair in paris, which featured a group of people from dahomey (now benin) in west africa who were displayed in a village-like setting. this exhibition was followed by others in europe and the united states, including the "indians of north america" exhibit at the 1893 world's fair in chicago, which featured native americans from various tribes living in replicas of their traditional dwellings.

human zoos became increasingly popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and were often used as a way of reinforcing racial and cultural stereotypes and presenting non-western cultures as inferior to western society. these exhibitions were widely criticized for their dehumanizing and degrading treatment of the people on display, and for the way they perpetuated harmful stereotypes and prejudices.

in the mid-20th century, human zoos began to fall out of favor as attitudes towards race and culture began to change and people became more aware of the harm they caused. today, human zoos are generally considered to be a deeply troubling and unethical aspect of the history of colonialism and racial discrimination, and they are widely condemned as a form of exploitation and dehumanization.

the term "petite bourgeoisie" refers to a social class that occupies a position between the working class and the capitalist class in a capitalist society. it is often used to describe small business owners, self-employed individuals, and professionals who are not part of the capitalist class but who have some level of economic and social power.

the petite bourgeoisie is characterized by their ownership of small businesses, their relative independence from the capitalist class, and their intermediate social and economic position. they are often seen as being caught between the working class and the capitalist class, with economic and social interests that may not always align with either group.

examples of the petite bourgeoisie might include small business owners such as sole proprietors, independent contractors, and freelancers. they may own their own businesses, such as a small retail shop or a consulting firm, or they may work for themselves in a trade or profession, such as a lawyer or a dentist. the petite bourgeoisie may also include professionals such as doctors, teachers, and engineers who are not directly involved in the ownership or management of a business but who have a degree of economic and social independence.

overall, the petite bourgeoisie is a diverse and varied group, and their social and economic position may change over time depending on the success of their businesses and their ability to adapt to changing economic conditions.

reno is the largest city in washoe county, nevada, located in the western part of the state. the city has a rich history dating back to the mid-19th century.

the area that is now reno was originally inhabited by the paiute and washoe tribes. in the 1840s, european settlers arrived in the area and established a trading post called lake's crossing, which was named after the nearby truckee river.

in 1868, the central pacific railroad chose the site of lake's crossing as the eastern terminus of its transcontinental railroad, and the town was renamed reno in honor of union general jesse l. reno. reno was incorporated as a city in 1868 and quickly became an important transportation hub for the region.

in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, reno became known as a center for gambling, divorce, and other forms of vice. the city's reputation as a wild and lawless place earned it the nickname "the biggest little city in the world."

in the 1950s and 1960s, reno experienced a period of rapid growth and expansion. the city's economy diversified, and it became a major center for tourism, with the construction of several casinos and hotels. in the decades since, reno has continued to grow and evolve, becoming a diverse and vibrant city with a thriving economy and a rich cultural heritage.

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solipsism is a philosophical idea that holds that the individual self is the only thing that can be known to exist, and that all external reality, including other minds, is uncertain and cannot be known. this idea is based on the concept that the self is the only thing that can be experienced directly, and that all external reality must be inferred from the evidence of the senses. this leads to the conclusion that the external world, including other minds, may not actually exist at all, and that the individual self is the only thing that can be known with certainty. this philosophy is often criticized for being overly skeptical and for ignoring the evidence of our senses and the existence of other people.

walt disney was a successful entrepreneur and an influential figure in the entertainment industry*, and he is credited with creating many beloved characters and stories. however, some people have criticized walt disney for his business practices and his treatment of employees, among other things.

the ship of theseus is a philosophical thought experiment that raises questions about the nature of identity and change. the thought experiment goes as follows: if a ship is gradually replaced with new parts over time, at what point does it cease to be the same ship it was originally? this thought experiment is often used to explore questions about the nature of identity and change, and it has been discussed by philosophers throughout history. there is no single "right" answer to the ship of theseus problem, as different people may have different perspectives on the issue.

(see: god complex)

until 1966, the referees used to warn the players and the managers verbally without any significant repercussions on the foul they have made.

however, if a foul is too clumsy and a player had to be sent off, the referee must tell the player to leave the field.

this norm had many flaws in it, and it was made pretty evident in a particular game.

the quarter-final between england and argentina was full of drama, fouls, and controversy, all at the same time. one specific incident took place, and the argentinian captain committed an offensive foul on an english player.

this left referee ken aston no option but to send the argentinian captain off.

but since the player was full of anger and agitation, he continued playing the game and said he didn't hear the referee's warning of sending him off earlier.

after such a high-profile game ended in such a controversy, a new solution was needed to make sure the players listen to the referee's warnings and signals.

finding the answer was also given to ken aston, and he got inspiration from traffic lights.

therefore, he suggested that fifa introduce cards into the game.

a yellow card would mean it is just a warning for the foul committed and shouldn't be repeated, whereas the red card told that you have to leave the field as the challenge committed is a major one and could have injured the opposition player.

this move turned out to be a phenomenal one not only on a short-term basis but also in the more extended scheme of things.

the 1970 fifa world cup was the first time this rule was implemented in a major tournament involving countries worldwide.

the queen's death will kick off 'operation london bridge', which is a meticulously drawn up plan to deal with the eventuality of the death of the head of the state.

first set up in the 1960s, the plan of action was meant to be followed for 10 days after the monarch's death and has been revised several times over the years.

among other things, the plan was aimed at ensuring a smooth transition of prince charles* to the throne. according to the protocol, he will officially be announced as the king a day after the demise of her majesty.

how erdogan tamed turkey's newsrooms

a person who has taken over the problem. good luck with that.