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manipulation can affect other areas of the market as well. a recent example is the libor rigging scandal. libor is a benchmark rate that banks charge each other for short-term loans and is regarded as an important measure of trust between major global banks. the scandal involved traders at 10 firms, which the uk’s serious fraud office alleged had conspired to manipulate the libor benchmark between 2006 and 2010 in order to keep it artificially low.

stock market manipulation can take many forms—such as artificially fixing prices higher or lower—with the aim of interfering with the market for personal gain.

a trader can manipulate the market by processing a lot of small sell orders in an attept to drive down the price of a share. this can cause other shareholders to panic and sell their shares, sending the price down even further. conversely, a lot of small buy orders may push up a share price to convince other investors that good news is about to be announced. market manipulation is highly unethical but not always illegal.

posting negative or positive information investors often like to discuss shares they own or are thinking of buying with other like-minded individuals on bulletin boards and investment forums. these can be a good source of investment ideas but they can also be used by unscrupulous traders who post negative or positive information to inflate or deflate prices.

(see: libor scandal)

a form of electronic money that exists solely as encrypted data on servers—is announced. the first transaction took place in january 2009.

in june 1947, general george c. marshall, truman's secretary of state, proposed a huge war-recovery program of money, food, clothing, and machinery to help europe overcome "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos." marshall invited all of europe to participate, but the soviet-bloc countries refused, calling it an american scheme to take over europe.

with 16 nations participating, the marshall plan was a great success. between 1948 and 1952, u.s. aid amounting to $13 billion helped to rebuild cities, factories, roads, and railroads throughout europe.

buying the louisiana territory raised a constitutional issue for president jefferson, since the document said nothing about purchasing new lands. jefferson decided that keeping france from controlling the mississippi river was too important, though, to turn down the opportunity. so the purchase was judged necessary and the senate readily approved it in 1803. congress paid france about $15 million for the land.

the louisiana purchase doubled the land area of the nation, adding 800,000 square miles and more than 200,000 people-primarily american indians, spanish, and french.

a state whose citizens get sick of it.
(see: syria)
(see: afghanistan)

wikipedia

the 2023 israel-hamas war, also referred to as "operation iron swords" by israel, and as the "battle of seif al-quds" by hamas, marked a significant and deadly escalation in the long-standing israeli-palestinian conflict. this conflict has deep historical roots, primarily revolving around territorial, national, and religious disputes between israelis and palestinians.

the immediate events leading to the war began on october 7, 2023, when hamas launched a large-scale attack on southern israel from the gaza strip. this attack involved gunmen entering israeli territory, resulting in significant casualties and hostages being taken back to gaza. in response, israel launched extensive military airstrikes and a ground invasion aimed at neutralizing hamas' military capabilities and recovering hostages.

historically, the gaza strip has been a focal point of conflict. hamas, which governs gaza, is designated as a terrorist organization by israel, the united states, and the european union, among others. it took control of gaza in 2007, following its victory in the 2006 palestinian legislative elections and subsequent conflicts with the fatah party. the israeli government has since imposed blockades on gaza, citing the need to limit hamas' ability to arm itself. these blockades, coupled with repeated cycles of conflict, have led to significant humanitarian issues in gaza.

the broader historical context includes the establishment of israel in 1948, subsequent arab-israeli wars, and ongoing disputes over territories and the rights of palestinians and israelis. various peace efforts over the decades, including the oslo accords in the 1990s, have attempted to address these issues but have largely failed to achieve a lasting resolution.

the 2023 conflict has been marked by extensive military operations, significant casualties on both sides, and widespread international concern over the humanitarian impact, particularly in gaza. efforts by other countries and international organizations to mediate have continued, but the situation remains highly volatile and deeply complex.

two main political parties: the democrats and the republicans.

democrats tend to favor less government restrictions on social issues (gay rights, abortion) and more government restrictions on economic issues (more social programs, environmental protection, higher taxes on the wealthy).

republicans tend to favor more government restrictions on social issues, generally with a religious mindset, and less government restrictions on economic issues (less government programs, low taxes for the wealthy). there is a large segment of the republican party that leans libertarian which wants "government out of people's lives" in all aspects, including social issues.

our government is split into three branches: legislative, executive, judicial. the framers of the constitution divided power among these branches because they believed power could corrupt, so the branches have checks and balances against each other. this prevents any one branch from gaining too much power.

the legislative is the united states congress, divided among the house of representatives and the senate. the congress writes the laws and votes on them.

the executive is the us president and all federal agencies. the president signs the laws and is in charge of making sure they are carried out.

the judicial is the court system, headed by the us supreme court. the supreme court resolves constitutional issues. every law passed by congress has to point to a specific section in the constitution to be legal. if a law is challenged, the supreme court determines if the law is constitutional or not. they have the final say.

in 1992, a letter's sent from diyarbakir/turkey to nasa, telling that the rotation of the moon around the earth was not actually circular. abdulkadir topkac, an amateur of astronomy whose imagination extends beyond the geographical bounds, had to give up his researches for the first time since 27 years, due to the fact that his telescope has been damaged during the conflicts in the 'sur' district of diyarbakir. an astronomer in diyarbakir

the oldest us city, was founded in 1565.

selfie is a self-portrait photograph, typically taken with a digital camera or camera phone held in the hand or supported by a selfie stick. a photograph that one has taken of oneself, typically one taken with a smartphone or webcam and shared via social media.

all over the world civilization is going backward. nobody gives a damn about the rules, social contracts are going bankrupt, individualism is on the rise. the world is heading toward a more and more absurd place by the day. i just hope all this stupidity doesn't end up leading to some nonsense like another world war.

a russian oligarch who played chess with power in the '90s - kingmaker, exile, and enigma. rose with the empire, fell out with the czar, and died wrapped in conspiracy.

it is now the worst buyout for banks since the financial crisis. the wall street journal

have you ever walked past a building with a broken window and thought nothing of it? according to the broken windows theory introduced by james q. wilson and george l. kelling in 1982, such minor signs of disorder could lead to bigger issues if ignored. let's explore how this fascinating theory has shaped urban spaces and policing strategies!

what is the broken windows theory?
the theory suggests that a single unchecked broken window can signal neglect, leading to more broken windows and escalating to serious crimes. the idea? small problems can snowball into big chaos if not addressed promptly!

real-world impact
policing in new york city: in the 1990s, nyc police commissioner william bratton and mayor rudy giuliani applied this theory city-wide. by cracking down on minor crimes like graffiti and turnstile jumping, they saw a notable decrease in both minor and major crimes, illustrating the theory's potential in reducing urban crime.
transit authority in new york: the nyc transit authority took a rigorous approach to minor offenses such as fare evasion and quickly cleaning graffiti from subway cars. this commitment to maintaining order was followed by a decrease in more serious crimes within the subway system, showcasing the theory's application in a specific public environment.

criticisms and controversies
while influential, the broken windows theory has faced criticism for potentially leading to aggressive policing of minor offenses, disproportionately affecting marginalized communities. additionally, some argue that other factors like economic improvements may also play a significant role in crime reduction, challenging the direct impact of the theory.

broader impact on urban spaces
beyond policing, the theory influences urban planning and community programs aiming to improve environments and maintain public spaces. efforts such as community cleanups and public art projects not only enhance aesthetic appeal but also foster community pride and deter crime.

the broken windows theory offers a compelling lens on how small acts of maintenance and care in our environments can prevent larger societal issues. as we continue to evolve our urban spaces, the insights from this theory encourage proactive measures to ensure safe and vibrant communities.