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a form of electronic money that exists solely as encrypted data on servers—is announced. the first transaction took place in january 2009.

stock market manipulation can take many forms—such as artificially fixing prices higher or lower—with the aim of interfering with the market for personal gain.

a trader can manipulate the market by processing a lot of small sell orders in an attept to drive down the price of a share. this can cause other shareholders to panic and sell their shares, sending the price down even further. conversely, a lot of small buy orders may push up a share price to convince other investors that good news is about to be announced. market manipulation is highly unethical but not always illegal.

posting negative or positive information investors often like to discuss shares they own or are thinking of buying with other like-minded individuals on bulletin boards and investment forums. these can be a good source of investment ideas but they can also be used by unscrupulous traders who post negative or positive information to inflate or deflate prices.

(see: libor scandal)

manipulation can affect other areas of the market as well. a recent example is the libor rigging scandal. libor is a benchmark rate that banks charge each other for short-term loans and is regarded as an important measure of trust between major global banks. the scandal involved traders at 10 firms, which the uk’s serious fraud office alleged had conspired to manipulate the libor benchmark between 2006 and 2010 in order to keep it artificially low.

– 10% of the world lives on <$1.90 a day.

– at 3.75 tons, the rai stone is the world's heaviest currency.

– $21 trillion is thought to be hidden in overseas tax heavens.

– $80.9 trillion estimated amount of money in existance today.

– $216 billion cash reserves held by apple in april 2016, out of $1.7 trillion held by us nonfinancial companies at that time.

– 80% of small business start-ups fail due to poor cash flow management.

– $1.2 trillion the amount of us currency in circulation.

– $6.7 trillion the amount the us government spent in 2016.

– 1668 the year that the oldest central bank in the world, the swedish riksbank, was established.

– 31% of total global debt is owed by the us.

– 70% of the richest americans claim to be self-made.

–57,000 number of credit unions in 105 countries around the world.

aaron burr was a brilliant, erratic man with great personal charm-and huge ambition. he served as vice president during jefferson's first term, but the president considered him a dangerous schemer and replaced him for the 1804 election. burr ran for governor of new york instead, but lost. he blamed the defeat on vicious newspaper attacks alexander hamilton had written. when hamilton refused to apologize, burr challenged him to a duel with pistols and fatally wounded him. with a warrant out for his arrest, burr, still vice president, fled west. he was arrested and put on trial for treason in 1807. he was acquitted due to lack of evidence, but he spent the rest of his life in obscurity.

burr and hamilton's duel image

the 21/90 rule states that it takes 21 days to make a habit and 90 days to make it a permanent lifestyle change.

in 1992, a letter's sent from diyarbakir/turkey to nasa, telling that the rotation of the moon around the earth was not actually circular. abdulkadir topkac, an amateur of astronomy whose imagination extends beyond the geographical bounds, had to give up his researches for the first time since 27 years, due to the fact that his telescope has been damaged during the conflicts in the 'sur' district of diyarbakir. an astronomer in diyarbakir

tecumseh, a powerful shawnee i chief, made a strong alliance of the tribes along the western american frontier in what is now michigan and indiana. in november 1811. the governor of the indiana territory, william henry harrison, launched an attack on warriors led by tecumseh's brother. the fierce battle of tippecanoe was a draw. however, it was discovered that some of tecumseh's warriors had used british weapons, adding to the demand for war. after war was declared, general harrison led a force into canada, where he defeated the british and indians at the battle of the thames. tecumseh was killed there. without his leadership, his confederacy quickly collapsed.

thanks for the invite.

written by the victors.

between 1978 and 1995, ted kaczynski, also known as the unabomber, used homemade bombs to attack universities and airlines. he targeted educational and technological institutions because he thought technological advancement would destroy the human race. his bombs killed three people and injured 23 others. the fbi spent more than $50 million trying to capture the 53-year-old harvard graduate. it was not until his brother contacted authorities that the fbi finally located him in a shack in western montana. kaczynski eventually confessed and pleaded guilty to all charges.

in june 1947, general george c. marshall, truman's secretary of state, proposed a huge war-recovery program of money, food, clothing, and machinery to help europe overcome "hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos." marshall invited all of europe to participate, but the soviet-bloc countries refused, calling it an american scheme to take over europe.

with 16 nations participating, the marshall plan was a great success. between 1948 and 1952, u.s. aid amounting to $13 billion helped to rebuild cities, factories, roads, and railroads throughout europe.

hitler's right-hand man. he was sentenced to death on trial at nuremberg. but he committed suicide on the night before his execution by swallowing a capsule of cyanide.

(see: #747)

anthropologist.

a student once asked anthropologist margaret mead, “what is the earliest sign of civilization?” the student expected her to say a clay pot, a grinding stone, or maybe a weapon.

margaret mead thought for a moment, then she said, “a healed femur.”

a femur is the longest bone in the body, linking hip to knee. in societies without the benefits of modern medicine, it takes about six weeks of rest for a fractured femur to heal. a healed femur shows that someone cared for the injured person, did their hunting and gathering, stayed with them, and offered physical protection and human companionship until the injury could mend.

mead explained that where the law of the jungle—the survival of the fittest—rules, no healed femurs are found. the first sign of civilization is compassion, seen in a healed femur.”